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Apache Tomcat

The Apache Tomcat^® software is an open source implementationof the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and JavaWebSocket technologies. The Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java ExpressionLanguage and Java WebSocket specifications are developed under theJava CommunityProcess.

The Apache Tomcat software is developed in an open and participatoryenvironment and released under theApache License version 2. TheApache Tomcat project is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breeddevelopers from around the world. We invite you to participate in this opendevelopment project. To learn more about getting involved,click here.

Apache Tomcat software powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical webapplications across a diverse range of industries and organizations. Some ofthese users and their stories are listed on thePoweredBywiki page.

Apache Tomcat, Tomcat, Apache, the Apache feather, and the Apache Tomcatproject logo are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation.

2020-10-09 Tomcat 9.0.39 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 9.0.39of Apache Tomcat. The notable changes compared to 9.0.38 include:

• Refactor the handling of closed HTTP/2 streams to reduce the heap usage associated with used streams and to retain information for more streams in the priority tree.
• Allow using the utility executor for annotation scanning. Patch provided by Jatin Kamnani.
• Add a bloom filter to speed up archive lookup and improve deployment speed of applications with a large number of JARs. Patch provided by Jatin Kamnani.

Full details of these changes, and all the other changes, are available in theTomcat 9changelog.

2020-10-09 Tomcat 8.5.59 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 8.5.59of Apache Tomcat. Apache Tomcat 8.5.x replaces 8.0.x and includes new featurespulled forward from Tomcat 9.0.x. The minimum Java version and implementedspecification versions remain unchanged. The notable changes comparedto 8.5.58 include:

• Refactor the handling of closed HTTP/2 streams to reduce the heap usage associated with used streams and to retain information for more streams in the priority tree.
• Deprecate the JDBCRealm.
• Ensure that none of the methods on a ServletContext instance always fail when running under a SecurityManager. Pull request provided by Kyle Stiemann.

Full details of these changes, and all the other changes, are available in theTomcat 8.5changelog.

2020-10-09 Tomcat 10.0.0-M9 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 10.0.0-M9of Apache Tomcat. This release is a milestone release and is targeted at JakartaEE 9.

Users of Tomcat 10 onwards should be aware that, as a result of the move fromJava EE to Jakarta EE as part of the transfer of Java EE to the EclipseFoundation, the primary package for all implemented APIs has changed fromjavax.* to jakarta.*. This will almost certainlyrequire code changes to enable applications to migrate from Tomcat 9 and earlierto Tomcat 10 and later. Amigrationtool is under development to aid this process.

The notable changes in this release are:

• Refactor the handling of closed HTTP/2 streams to reduce the heap usage associated with used streams and to retain information for more streams in the priority tree.
• Allow using the utility executor for annotation scanning. Patch provided by Jatin Kamnani.
• Add a bloom filter to speed up archive lookup and improve deployment speed of applications with a large number of JARs. Patch provided by Jatin Kamnani.

Full details of these changes, and all the other changes, are available in theTomcat 10(alpha) changelog.

2020-09-20 Tomcat 7.0.106 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 7.0.106 ofApache Tomcat. This release contains a number of bug fixes and improvementscompared to version 7.0.105.

• Add support for a read idle timeout and a write idle timeout to the WebSocket session via custom properties in the user properties instance associated with the session. Based on a pull request by sakshamverma.
• Update the packaged version of the Tomcat Native Library to 1.2.25

Full details of these changes, and all the other changes, are available in theTomcat 7 changelog.

Note: End of life date for Apache Tomcat 7.0.x is announced.Read more...

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2020-09-03 Tomcat Native 1.2.25 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 1.2.25 ofTomcat Native. The notable changes since 1.2.24 include:

• Various improvements to the build process
• Add an option to allow the OCSP check to be bypassed

Download |ChangeLog for 1.2.25

2020-03-06 Tomcat Connectors 1.2.48 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 1.2.48 ofApache Tomcat Connectors.This version fixes a number of bugs found in previous releases.

Download |ChangeLog for 1.2.48

2015-03-17 Apache Standard Taglib 1.2.5 Released

The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 1.2.5 ofthe Standard Taglib. This tag library provides Apache's implementation of the JSTL 1.2 specification.

Version 1.2.5 is a minor bug fix release reverting a change made in 1.2.1 where<c:import> modified the HTTP method during POST operations, and fixing anissues that resulted in an AccessControlException during startup unlesspermission was granted to read the accessExternalEntity property.

Please see the Taglibs section for more details.

Download |Changes

2013-11-11 Tomcat Maven Plugin 2.2 Released

The Apache Tomcat team is pleased to announce the release of Tomcat Maven Plugin 2.2.Changelog available here.

The Apache Tomcat Maven Plugin provides goalsto manipulate WAR projects within the Apache Tomcat servlet container.

The binaries are available from Maven repositories. You should specify theversion in your project's plugin configuration:

or

Old news

Apache Tomcat is a flexible, powerful, and widely popular application server and servlet container, which the Apache Software Foundation has developed since 1999, first under the Jakarta project, and now as its own top-level project. Users value Tomcat for its fast start-up, reliable, mature, and fully open codebase, and highly extensible and configurable functionality.

Apache Tomcat 6 has the ability to run either as a stand alone web server, or as a pure servlet container or cluster of containers behind an HTTP web server proxy or load balancer. This makes Tomcat a favorite choice for a broad spectrum of different scenarios, from small, one-server websites to large-scale, high-availability enterprise production environments. Tomcat 6 implements the Servlet 2.5 and JSP 2.1 specifications, and includes many new features, such as a new NIO Connector, injectable thread pools, improved logging, and more.

In this article, we'll learn how to install and configure Tomcat 6, the most recent stable Tomcat branch as of May 2010, on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X machines.

Tip: Installing Tomcat as a Windows Service can be difficult. Tcat Server, the enterprise Tomcat application server, makes it simple! Click here to download Tcat Server today!

Tomcat 6 installation methods - Packages, installers and binaries

Before we go over the installation instructions, let's take a brief look at the different methods by which Tomcat can be installed on each platform, and the advantages and disadvantages of choosing one method over another.

On a Mac OS X machine - Binary distribution

For Mac users, there is only one way to install Tomcat 6 - by downloading the latest binary from an Apache mirror, and following the instructions we've outlined below.

In fact, if you're a Mac user, you may want to click here right now to skip the following about packaged distributions as opposed to binary distributions, and get right down to installing Tomcat.

On a Windows Machine - Binary distribution or package installer

Windows users can either download the 32 or 64-bit binary distribution and install Tomcat manually, or use the Windows installer, which in its latest version includes both 32 and 64-bit distributions, and attempts to select the appropriate distribution based on the JDK you have installed.

Either of these methods is acceptable, but we recommend you use the installer. It's well-designed and maintained, and automatically takes care of some annoying Windows-specific installation issues, such as enabling Tomcat as a Windows service and setting registry values related to the JVM.

For our step-by-step guide to installing Tomcat on a Windows machine, click here.

On a Linux machine - Binary Distribution, bundled distribution or repository package

Linux users can either download and install the binary distribution of Tomcat from an Apache mirror, use one of many available platform-specific repackaged Tomcat distributions, which are provided by various Linux vendors and usually incorporate some pre-configured settings to help Tomcat run on the chosen platform, or install from a general Linux repository package, such as JPackage or RPM.

While some of these packages are well maintained, others include outdated versions of Tomcat, non-documented modifications, or are not quickly updated with new patches released by the Tomcat team. (A notable exception is the Debian/Ubuntu Tomcat package, which is maintained with the help of contributions from the MuleSoft development team. For more information, click here to read 'A Better Tomcat For Ubuntu', a blog post about the partnership.)

Although installing from a package has the benefit of being very simple, usually consisting of no more than two or three commands, we recommend that you take the time to install and configure Tomcat yourself from the binary distribution. Completing the initial install and configuration process by hand is a great introduction to Tomcat's internal settings, and you'll never have to wonder if your package has some odd modification or is missing a vital security patch.

Click here to jump to our simple, step-by-step instructions for installing the Tomcat binary distribution on a Linux machine.

Installing Tomcat 6 on Mac OS X

The Mac OS X installation process is fairly painless and straightforward, but there are a few rough spots along the way. Follow these step by step instructions to get Tomcat up and running on your Mac OS X machine in no time.

Step 1: Configure environment variables

Tomcat finds certain resources, such as your Java runtimes, by reading values from your environment variables. On Mac OS X, the variable that Tomcat is looking for is 'JAVA_HOME', which points it to your JDK for compilation purposes.

If you are new to the Mac platform, and you are wondering why there's been no mention of installing Java, don't worry. Apple provides a special OS X version of Java, which is automatically installed and updated via Software Update.

Additionally, you should set the 'CATALINA_HOME' variable, which points to the Tomcat home directory, and can be used during Tomcat configuration in lieu of a complicated directory path that might change.

To set the JAVA_HOME variable, open a new Terminal window and use the following command to open the system profile for editing. (You can substitute your favorite text editor. We like Vim.):

Once you've opened the profile, add the following lines to set the JAVA_HOME and CATALINA_HOME variables:

export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/Home export CATALINA_HOME=/Path/To/Tomcat/Home

(Note: If you're not familiar with Vim, here's a useful list of editing commands.)

Step 2: Download and install Tomcat binaries

Next, download the most recent stable build of Tomcat from an Apache project mirror site. If you're worried about checksum, be sure to run a checksum on the package with the 'md5' Terminal command and match it against the value provided on the Apache site.

Next, simply unzip the binaries into a simple location, such as /Library. By default, the unpacked folder name will be something like 'apache-tomcat-x-x-xx'. For ease of use, change it to 'Tomcat'.

Step 3: Start Tomcat

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You should now be able to start Tomcat by navigating to the 'bin' folder and executing 'startup.sh' from the command line. After running the script, test to see if Tomcat has been successfully installed by visiting http:/localhost:8080 on your machine. If you followed the installation steps correctly, your browser should display the Tomcat Welcome Page.

Note: If you receive a permissions error, use the follow command to allow access to all of the Tomcat shell scripts:

Download Apache Tomcat For Mac

Step 4: Automatic start on boot

You can configure Tomcat to start up automatically when your system restarts by using a custom script in conjunction with Mac OS X's launchd.

For more information about starting Tomcat automatically at login, please visit our guide to Tomcat Start.

Installing Tomcat on Linux

Installing Tomcat on your Linux machine is not all that different from the Mac OS X installation process. The primary difference between the two sets of instructions we provide here is that we cover installing Java on a Linux machine, as it is not automatically installed by the operating system.

Step 1: Download and install Java

You'll need to download the most recent Java runtimes in order to run Tomcat 6, which only supports Java 5 and later. You can either obtain them with the package manager of your choice, or download them as a self extracting binary from Sun's website.

Before you download anything, you can use the following command to find out if Java has already been installed on your system:

If you have already installed Java, this will return a list of Java packages available on your system. If no results are returned, you'll need to install Java. After you have downloaded the latest Java package from the Sun website, use the following commands to complete your installation:

These commands make the package executable, and then install the package in a directory that makes it available to all users. This requires root access - if you don't have it, you can install Java in an alternative directory of your choice.

Step 2: Download and install Tomcat

Next, download the latest stable build of Tomcat from an Apache mirror. You can either use a web browser or download the release from the command line with the following command, with appropriate values for the [placeholders]:

Verify the checksum of the package after downloading it, using the 'md5sum' command to obtain the sum and comparing it to the checksum provided on the Apache website.

Next, extract the package, and move it to the desired folder:

Step 3 - Set Environmental variables

If you haven't already, you should now set the JAVA_HOME and CATALINA_HOME environmental variables. Tomcat uses JAVA_HOME to locate your Java runtimes, and CATALINA_HOME can be used in configuration files and scripts in place of a complicated file path. Under Linux, these environmental variables are set in '.bashrc'. Open the file:

You'll need to log out of bash and log back in for your additional variables to take effect.

Step 4 - Start Tomcat

You should now be able to run the Tomcat server by executing the 'startup.sh' shell script. If you want Tomcat to run automatically at start-up, you can use a custom init script to call startup.sh. You can use this technique in conjunction with some additional configuration to run Tomcat as a system-owned process for increased security.

For more information, visit Tomcat Start, our helpful guide to automatic start.

Installing Tomcat on Windows

As noted above, the easiest way to install Tomcat on a Windows machine is by using the Windows Installer. If you will be using this method, you should not need much more help; the installer will guide you through the whole process.

Step 1: Download and install Java

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Installing Java on Windows is a simple process. Like the Tomcat Installer, The Java JDK and JRE Installers for Windows are robust, and can be downloaded from the Sun website. Download and follow the Installation Wizard to install Java on your machine.

Step 2: Download and install Tomcat

If you are only planning on running Tomcat as a service, and won't need to use the start up scripts, all you'll need is the Windows Service package. Otherwise, use the standard package. You can find both on the Apache project site. The Tomcat 6 Windows Installer is solidly built, and you shouldn't have any trouble.

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If you will be using this install of Tomcat only for local development, you may want to consider changing the default port during the installation process from 8080 to 80, the default web port. This will allow you to access Tomcat simply by visiting http:/localhost/, without any additional port number.

For more information about running Tomcat as a Windows Service, please visit our Tomcat Service guide.